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Steve Jobs Remembered

Steve Jobs Remembered

Steve Jobs and Apple in Negative Space

There has been an overwhelming response to the passing of Steve Jobs. Here are some of the things that have been said that I have found moving.

Walt Mossberg from All Things Digital has put together a collection of anectodes about his various encounters with Steve. My favourite is about the infamous meeting of Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth All Things Digital conference:

For our fifth D conference, both Steve and his longtime rival, the brilliant Bill Gates, surprisingly agreed to a joint appearance, their first extended onstage joint interview ever. But it almost got derailed.
Earlier in the day, before Gates arrived, I did a solo onstage interview with Jobs, and asked him what it was like to be a major Windows developer, since Apple’s iTunes program was by then installed on hundreds of millions of Windows PCs. He quipped: “It’s like giving a glass of ice water to someone in Hell.” When Gates later arrived and heard about the comment, he was, naturally, enraged, because my partner Kara Swisher and I had assured both men that we hoped to keep the joint session on a high plane.
In a pre-interview meeting, Gates said to Jobs: “So I guess I’m the representative from Hell.” Jobs merely handed Gates a cold bottle of water he was carrying. The tension was broken, and the interview was a triumph, with both men acting like statesmen. When it was over, the audience rose in a standing ovation, some of them in tears.

Daring Fireball's John Gruber posts this beautifully written memory of seeing Jobs at WWDC this past summer with a grass stain on his sneakers:

I like to think that in the run-up to his final keynote, Steve made time for a long, peaceful walk. Somewhere beautiful, where there are no footpaths and the grass grows thick. Hand-in-hand with his wife and family, the sun warm on their backs, smiles on their faces, love in their hearts, at peace with their fate.

The front page of Wired.com has a series of tributes to Steve Jobs from various technology titans, including this from Bill Gates:

"The world rarely sees someone who has had the profound impact Steve has had, the effects of which will be felt for many generations to come. For those of us lucky enough to get to work with him, it's been an insanely great honor. I will miss Steve immensely." — Bill Gates

Arstechnica is running an article called The first time I used an Apple computer was... that the various staff members are contributing to. Here is an excerpt from Ryan Paul, Arstechnica's Open Source Editor:

I went through several boxed sets of Lord of the Rings over the years, reading them with love until they fall apart. My Apple II has fared better—it is still fully functional after all this time. I kept it as a memento of the challenges I overcame when I learned to program. But after Steve’s words encouraged me to think about the joy that the Apple II brought me in my childhood, it has become a much more powerful symbol. It is the light that holds back the bitter cynicism that I’ve accumulated with age. It reminds me that magic still exists, as long as we believe.

John Siracusa, also from Arstechnica, has a touching story about the photo of the original Macintosh team he had hanging on his wall as he grew up:

In a post-Steve-Jobs world, there is no longer an excuse for large corporations to be less bold than start-ups. Elegance, character, artistic integrity, and ruthless dedication to design can no longer be derided as luxuries of those who don't have anything to lose. Apple is now one of the largest, most successful companies in the world, but it still behaves as if all of its employees could fit in a 9x7-inch photo.

Finally, there is the commercial The Crazy Ones produced in 1997. Originally Steve Jobs was to narrate the commercial, but the aired version was done by Richard Dreyfuss. Here is the never aired Steve Jobs take.


Thank you Steve

Steve Jobs has died far too young. It is amazing how much he accomplished in his 56 years. He was one of those once-in-a-generation visionaries who transformed the computer, consumer electronics, movie, telecom, and music industries. He built a company that thinks different and is structured differently to every other company out there.

Apple, under Steve, blended that tricky mixture of engineering savvy with artistry to create devices for the rest of us. From his teenage years working for HP and Atari he had a fascination with computers and burning vision to make computers accessible to everyone. He mastered the art of addition through subtraction and fearlessly murdered his darlings.

I was just talking to Jaime this morning about what the world would have been like without Jobs. No iPhone, no Apple II, no Macintosh, no iPad, no iPod, no Pixar, no iTunes, and so much more. The technology world would be far starker and desolate without his transformative vision.

It is this vision that intrigues me the most. I recently read the interview that Playboy Magazine carried out with him in 1985 when he was 29. At that time Apple had just introduced the Macintosh which was a radical departure from any commercial computer system previously available. In the interview Steve talks about one day wanting computers to be ubiquitous devices able to communicate and network with one another to improve our lives. Steve wanted to make the computer as simple to use as an appliance so that the vast power that they represent could be accessible to everyone. He talks about the day a computer could act as a type of digital assistant capable of responding to natural language commands to help us in our tasks. With the iPad I believe that Steve has come closer than anyone else to turning the computer into an appliance (in a good way), while with yesterday's unveiling of Siri the iPhone can now act as a digital assistant. It took 26 years from the time of the article, but the vision he shared in that Playboy article has finally become a reality.

On a personal note, I switched to using a Mac seven years ago at the start of my PhD. Not for a single day have I regretted that decision. The Mac, and the generally superior software available, have dramatically reduced the friction I experience when using a computer.

Thank you Steve for making my life better.

The Ultimate Lindyhop Timelapse 2011

The Ultimate Lindyhop Timelapse 2011

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This past weekend I attended The Ultimate Lindyhop Showdown in New Orleans. Showdown is an awesome event that features excellent dancing, amazing competitions, and mind-blowing music. I spent the entire weekend in the French Quarter listening to the street bands who seem to populate every corner. There is no shortage of good music (and dancing).

Normally I would take copious quantities of video at an event like this, but there were already dozens of people filming the dances and competitions. Instead, I decided to do something different. Some 15,000 photos later I had enough material to create a timelapse of the weekend (Watch it in HD if you can). The music is a recording I made on the Saturday night of Meschiya Lake & Her Lil' Big Horns. Meschiya is a tremendous performer. I can't recommend her album Lucky Devil enough. If you have a spare $11 sitting around, it is definitely a worthwhile investment.

A big thanks to Amy Johnson and her team. I can't wait for next years event.

Is Geology a real science?

Sheldon paint ball war cry

This is the first in a series of posts by fellow physicist Marco Piani on the science in the television show The Big Bang Theory.

In Season 5 Episode 1, "The Skank Reflex Analysis", we see Sheldon face "certain death" during a paintball battle, standing defenseless and shouting out "Geology isn't a real science!", in this way triggering the angry reaction of the geology paintball team:

 

Why does Sheldon say that? We know that Sheldon has, let us say, a "mild" superiority complex when it comes to science. He is a theoretical physicist, and thinks that Physics is the discipline that deals with the fundamental laws of nature, hence the queen of sciences. All other scientific disciplines come second, and he goes as far as to consider engineers "umpa lumpas of science" in Season 1 Episode 12


But in the paintball scene Sheldon does not simply make fun of geology as a "lesser" science; he actually expresses his belief that geology is not a real science. His is a pretty harsh statement, and we understand why the geologists are so pissed off not to think twice before shooting Sheldon down!

While we do not endorse Sheldon's words, let us try to understand the possible reasons behind his verbal attack.

The question we should ask ourselves is: "what characterizes science?" It is actually a tough question, and there is an entire branch of philosophy that deals with it. It is clear that we will not even scratch the surface of the issue in this post. Nonetheless, we can at least say that one of the key concepts is that of "scientific method", that is, of how scientists proceed in establishing the body of knowledge called "scientific knowledge". What this method is or should be, and whether scientists actually adopt it in their normal practice are exactly the kind of questions addressed by philosophy of science. One widespread point of view (closely related to the ideas proposed by Sir Karl Raimund Popper (1902-1994)) is that science advances through the empirical falsification of hypotheses formulated to explain the results of observations. That is, hypotheses are made that in principle would allow to "compress" the information collected in numerous observations. For example, when we have a pen in our hand and we open the hand, the pen falls. The same happens with an apple, or a ping pong ball; thus, we may tentatively express our belief that "when we let go of any object, it always falls". Such a hypothesis can then be "tested", by letting a new object fall. If it does fall, our hypothesis—that all objects fall—is corroborated by observation, and we gain confidence in it; if it doesn't (e.g., if we let go of a string attached to a balloon full of helium, and it flies away), we have to go back to the drawing board to design a new theory that is compatible also with the new event we have experienced—the balloon and the string flying away. What is important is that we did test our hypothesis, verifying whether predictions made assuming the truth of our hypothesis actually happen. Even more importantly, we are ready to change our "theory" if its predictions turn out to be wrong. Of course, this is a simplification and an idealization of the scientific process, and real life research activity can be very different from this:

We are now in the position to better understand Sheldon's statement. For example, we can imagine that what Sheldon is pointing out is that geology does not allow for an easy implementation of the scientific method. One problem is that geology deals with processes—like the formation of mountains, or the drifting of continents—that take place in very long periods of time. So what a geologist can see is often only a snapshot of these processes (as if we could only see a picture of the object halfway between our hand and the ground, rather than the whole motion). On the other hand, a related problem is that geologists cannot set up controlled experiments that can be repeated to test their theories: we are given one Earth, and the geological processes that happen on its surface as well as in the underground are mostly out of our control. We are almost always limited just to witness them. Of course, what geologists actually do is much more than witness passively. As usual you can find more information on Wikipedia:

Actually, what might have triggered the criticism against geology of that snobby theoretical physicist of Sheldon, is the relevance of "applied geology" in the modern world, which goes from mining to environmental issues.

Even if, like Sheldon, I am a theoretical physicist, I am very happy to call geologists "fellow scientists". I must add that I am also a peaceful man, but I know that my inner geek will sooner or later induce me to take part in a paintball battle. Scientist or not scientist, surrender, or be stained!

Flight of the Gibbons

Just got back from Thailand, and I am still battling jet lag. The trip and wedding were awesome. One of the highlights was the Flight of the Gibbons–a high wire zip line through over three kilometres of rain forest. The park is part of a larger conservation effort dedicated to saving Gibbon monkeys. If you go to Thailand make sure you check out the Gibbons.

Burpees Everywhere Toronto

 

Jaime, Martha and Heather are big Body Rock fans. Last week they go together to burpee Toronto as part of the Burpee Everywhere challenge. They travelled the city executing burpees at various landmarks and videoing themselves, and then asked me to cut the footage together.

Jaime has been trying to get me to start working out with her and I might give it a shot this fall—lord knows I need to get back into shape. There is a mini fitness craze at the IQC right now with people joining Fitocracy, an online real life exercise RPG where you get to "level up" by doing exercise. I am not sure I want to join yet, but I know it has motivated many people around me to start working out regularly.

Amazing Australian Astro and Time Lapse Photography

Alex Cherney is an Australian photographer who has taken some incredible images of the night sky. His photos have won numerous awards and are routinely featured on NASA's astronomy photo of the day site. Below are two of my favourite videos from Alex. They remind me of the superb time lapse video taken at the Very Large Telescope Array. [vimeo]http://vimeo.com/15583376[/vimeo] I love the reflections in the lake and the music from the didgeridoo in the video. The next video was shot of one-and-a-half years and won first place in the STARMUS astrophotography competition. For more incredible footage check out his Vimeo page

I just got my intervalmometer (a remote control that can be programmed to take photos at regular intervals) and am excited to try out some time-lapse photography. When it comes to photography, I am always amazed and inspired by people like Alex.

360 degree panorama of the night sky

You can purchase some of his prints on Redbubble. I am buying a copy of this astounding panorama to hang in my living room.

We Need More Women in Physics

We Need More Women in Physics

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This week the Women in Physics Canada conference has been jointly running at the Perimeter Institute and the Institute for Quantum Computing. It has been great to see so many young and enthusiastic physicists around. Only about 20% of physicists are female[1]. Excluding the voices of so many potential physicists has impoverished our field. Left out are the many unique and varied perspectives and novel approaches to solving nature's riddles. (This problem of exclusion also extends beyond gender to the issue of wealth; Africa produces few physicists relative to its population. See this excellent Ted Talk by Neil Turok on attempts to build up a world class African physics community.)

Physics is a man's world, and for a woman to succeed she must play by a man's rules. The situation is similar in many ways to the glass ceiling women have been breaking through in corporate environments. A successful business woman I know once told me that in order to make it, she had to be a better man than her male colleagues. I think a culture shift needs to take place where women can be respected for thinking and acting like women instead of needing to conform (consciously or unconsciously) their behaviour and attitudes to be more male centric. I believe this is directly related to the lack of women role models in physics for both men and women. From my middle school days through to my PhD, the bulk of my science teachers were male. This creates an environment where the opinion and perspectives of men are more highly valued and respected than those of women. The more women that engage and participate in physics, the more these ingrained attitudes will change.

These male centric attitudes arise in different ways—some subtle and some blatant. The manner in which physicists sometimes debate and discuss problems can be brutal and cutting, a testosterone driven combativeness better suited to prize fighting. The long hours and the endless publish or perish treadmill are not conducive to having a family either. A female physicists friend told me that starting a family was nearly career suicide. Taking care of a baby, the lack of sleep, and the dramatic hormonal changes during her maternity leave made it difficult to keep up with the harsh research and publishing demands needed to secure a professorship. The bulk of established male physicists I know have families. Why should it be any different for for a woman?

While a typical physics lab is far from a stereotypical locker room, physicist could do a better job of being aware of how their actions can make others feel. Jennifer Ouellette has an excellent post on Cocktail Physics that outlines some of the challenges women face in the skeptics community. (Before reading any further, I strongly recommend you check out her original article.) Jennifer talks about the harassment and patronizing attitudes herself and others have encountered. What really shocks me is the outrageous and derogatory debate that erupted when people called out this kind of brutish behaviour in the skeptics community. I haven't seen anything nearly this acrimonious happen in physics, but I think many of the things Jennifer points out apply equally to the physics community.

Jennifer proposes a four point Manifesto for Change that I think we would do well to follow in order to shift attitudes. I have paraphrased (and adapted for a physics context) her original points below:

  1. Despite the obstacles and challenges, it is important that women keep participating in physics.
  2. Just because you may not have experienced bias, don't diminish the experience and emotions of others who have.
  3. Those in positions of power and authority need to start changing and shaping institutional culture.
  4. Follow the golden rule (treat others as you would want to be treated). Think about how your words and actions will affect others.

The more women that become physicists, the richer physics will become.

[1] This is true in other disciplines such as engineering, math, computer science, and IT. Feel free to replace the word "physics" or "physicists" with equivalent terms from these other fields. The issues women face are the same.

Water Fight!

Yesterday a huge water fight broke out in Uptown Waterloo near my house. The water fight was part of the Square2Square festival that shut down King street for pedestrian traffic to link the Waterloo and Kitchener city centers.

I grabbed my Panasonic GH1 and filmed the chaos; it was the perfect opportunity to try out my new Light Craft Workshop Fader ND Mark II filter on the camera. In a few weeks I plan to do a full review of the Fader ND. Edited on Final Cut Pro X.

Photos from opening night of the Quantum Physics and Harry Potter Show

A big thanks to everyone who turned out for the opening of the Quantum Physics and Harry Potter show last night. The show was a lot of fun. It is the first time I have seen people eating popcorn in a physics lecture! Dan and I are looking forward to the repeat performance tonight. I would also like to thank all of the IQC volunteers who helped make the show extra special, as well as Katharin, Colin, Martin, Jasmine, and Kim for all of the behind the scenes work. Here are some pictures that the IQC photographer Peter Kovacs took of the event.

Quantum Physics and Harry Potter talk invisible snitch

Quantum Physics and Harry Potter talk audience

Dan Trommater teleporting a 20 dollar bill during the Quantum Physics and Harry Potter Show

Demonstration of Spontaneous Parametric Downconversion during the Quantum Physics and Harry Potter Show

Quantum Physics and Harry Potter talk laser refraction

Krister talking during the Quantum Physics and Harry Potter Show

Martin and the levitating supercounducting train during the Quantum Physics and Harry Potter Show

Check out i Spy a the Fringe Festival

The very talented Gillian Street of Urban Jungle Theatre is directing a play, i Spy, at this year's Fringe Festival in Toronto. Gillian is one of my favourite playwrights; I remember being blown away when I saw one of her pieces a couple of years ago. Definitely check out i Spy —it is sure to be one of the highlights of the Fringe this year. The show runs from July 6-17 (excluding the 11th). Here is a trailer for the show:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ_FrRpn_b4

Google's one billion Pi bid

Google's one billion Pi bid

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Throughout history nerds have loved the number Pi. They have written poems, songs, and made movies about the number. Pi even has its own day. Google has one-upped every nerd in history by bidding $3.14159 billion for a series of telecommunications patents. Along the way, they also bid $1.902160540 billion (Brun's constant) and $2.614972128 billion (Meissel-Mertens constant). Ultimately they lost the bidding war, but I, for one, welcome our new nerd overlords.

Seriously. This is something I can see Dr. Evil doing in the next (hopefully never to be made) Austin Powers. I bid Pi BILLION dollars!

(Via John Gruber.)

Human Double Slit "Experiment"

It seems that June is the month of the double slit with all of the media attention. Last week IQC participated in the awesome Steel Rail Sessions, sponsoring an art installation modelled on a human scale double-slit experiment. Darin and David White from Makebright are the artists behind this cool project. The installation consists of two "slits" (paths) through which participants can pass. A webcam embedded in each slit takes the person's picture as they walk through, and the picture shows up on a distant projected screen. If two people walk through each slit simultaneously then the pictures "interfere" and are smeared out as they are projected—wavelike behaviour. A neat piece sitting at the intersection of art and science.


Evan, Colin, and myself were on hand to explain the physics behind the original double-slit experiment to the participants on the train. David has posted a great write up about the behind the scenes set up of the project. The Quantum Factory (IQC's blog) also has an interesting overview of the installation and the double slit.

The Cardboard Fort Project

The Cardboard Fort Project

This past weekend Jaime and I (along with our friends Nancy and Nyree) attended the Cardboard Fort Project, an event run by Chat Perdu Productions and sponsored by the Awesome Foundation Toronto. I took along my camera and shot some video which I have edited into a little short below. Unfortunately, my battery died before I could get footage of the final forts (which were awesome). Luckily there are plenty of photos up on Flickr already.


The event was organized by Sherwin. From the Awesome Foundations blog post on the night, Sherwin describes the event as:

> Like a cat, I think my favourite toy was always plain brown cardboard boxes. The holy grail when I was a kid was to get those discarded refrigerator boxes, because they were so big and creamy smooth. You got the feeling that you could make anything out of that. The idea behind this night is to bring back that feeling.

A big shout out to Sherwin, Chat Perdu Productions, and the Awesome Foundation for putting on such a successful (and awesome) event!

Jaime in her Cardboard Fort

Quantum Physics & Harry Potter

Quantum Physics & Harry Potter

Update: Both shows are now sold out! Two free evenings of magic and science!

Magician Dan Trommater and I are teaming up once againfor a pair of fun, fascinating evenings exploring how the magic of Harry Potter mirrors the real magic of the quantum world. Levitation, teleportation and more—discover how these phenomena exist not only in Harry Potter's world, but in the quantum realm that underlies our world too.

Here is a trailer for the talk:


This is a non-profit educational event aimed at anyone who loves the magic of science. Dan and I held a similar event last year in Toronto that was a huge success. This year's show will be even better!

Poster for Quantum Physics and Harry Potter Show

SPACE IS LIMITED Reserve your free ticket here.

Thursday July 14, 6:30pm - 8:30pm Friday July 15, 6:30pm - 8:30pm Princess Twin Cinema, Waterloo, ON

For more information, visit or check out the Facebook event page.

Sponsored by the Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo.

Double-Slit Rap: The Disco of Space and Time

Double-Slit Rap: The Disco of Space and Time

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Our double-slit experiment work has now been eulogized in song! The BBC Radio 4 program, Friday Night Comedy recently rapped about our work. What is most amazing is that they got the physics right and managed to sneak in a dig about the Bond movie Quantum of Solace. Skip to 5:30 to where the song begins. [audio 

I would love to see what kind of remixes people can come up with. I bet there are some funny Youtube movies that could be made.

Listen to my Quirks and Quarks interview about the double-slit experiment

Listen to my Quirks and Quarks interview about the double-slit experiment

My interview on Quirks and Quarks is now available online.  

I am pleased with how the interview went.  I was probably interviewed for about 15-20 minutes which the producers did an excellent job condensing down to 10 minutes.  One of the things cut though was the acknowledgement that the work was done at the University of Toronto in Aephraim Steinberg's lab (my PhD advisor).

A big thanks to everyone who helped me prepare for this, and a shout out to Colin Hunter and Kim Luke for helping to arrange the interview.  If you are interested, here is a posting that lists all of the media coverage our paper has received. I also wrote a post about my experience being interviewed on Quirks and Quarks.

Finally, here is a picture of me listening to the interview with my signed postcard from Bob McDonald.

Listening to Quirks and Quarks

Media coverage over our double-slit experiment

Media coverage over our double-slit experiment

Our double-slit experiment paper that was published this week in Science has generated a lot of media coverage. Here are some links to write ups about our experiment. I will update this with new links as they appear. Let me know in the comments if you come across any other coverage, and I will add the links here. Original Paper

**Radio**

- CBC's Quirks and Quarks Interview I did

**Press Releases**

- Press release from the University of Toronto - Press release from the Institute for Quantum Computing

These press releases have been picked up and are now being recycled on numerous other websites.

**Original articles covering our experiment**

- Science - Nature - CBC News - BBC (we made the front page!) And is the number 2 most shared and number 3 most read article! - Scientific American - Uncertainty Principle: The best overview on a technical level of what we did in our experiment. - Arstechnica - Physicsworld.com - Waterloo Record

**Other**

- The Russian take on the experiment - This is what you get if you run the press release through Google translate and back

**[Update]** We hit Slashdot. **[Update x2]** Our experiment has been memorialized in song! **[Update x3]** Our experiment has been selected as Physics World's breakthrough of the year for 2011!

3DPlot trajectories through a double-slit apparatus

My interview with Quirks & Quarks

My interview with Quirks & Quarks

CBC BUILDING

I was recently interviewed by Quirks and Quarks, CBC's popular science radio show, about some of our recentwork looking at the double-slit experiment. The interview should air this Saturday  (June 4th) at noon so be sure to tune in. You can listen online at the CBC Radio website, or tune in later via their archives or podcast. I have always been a big fan of the show so it was a thrill to be given the opportunity to be interviewed by Bob McDonald. I took the bus into Toronto and arrived at the CBC studios downtown. I was then given a visitor pass and escorted up to the Quirks & Quarks offices where I met the producers and the host. I was really impressed by the whole operation; these are people who really care about science and bringing it to a larger audience. Everywhere I looked there was science related memorabilia.

visitor badge for cbc

Bob McDonald is a fantastic interviewer. Funny, smart, and charming with the ability to instantly put you at ease. The recording studio is covered with various posters he has acquired. The crown jewels of this poster collection are two from one of the control rooms at the Russian space agency. While Bob was visiting as part of a documentary, he asked where he could get a poster like the one hanging on the wall as a souvenir. One of the people working there plucked the posters off the wall and presented them to him. Very cool and very hospitable. You can see the posters on the wall to the right of me in the photo below.

Krister& Bob McDonald of Quirks and Quarks

At the end of the interview I got a signed post card. I was given my choice of postcard, but this one had the best story behind it. A (different) copy of it was taken up into space. Above Bob McDonald's desk is a framed photo of this postcard floating in space above the Earth. This made my inner nerd very happy.

Bob McDonald signed postcard

Incredible time lapse of the night sky from the Very Large Telescope array

Popular Science linked to this amazing video. Taken at the European Southern Observatory (ESO), located at the top of a mountain in Chile's Atacama Desert, these are some of the coolest time-lapse pictures I have seen of stars in the night sky. The four telescopes are part of a stellar observatory; they work together to achieve a resolving power much greater than any of the individual telescopes. From the ESO website:

The Very Large Telescope array (VLT) is the flagship facility for European ground-based astronomy at the beginning of the third Millennium. It is the world's most advanced optical instrument, consisting of four Unit Telescopes with main mirrors of 8.2m diameter and four movable 1.8m diameter Auxiliary Telescopes. The telescopes can work together, in groups of two or three, to form a giant 'interferometer', the ESO Very Large Telescope Interferometer, allowing astronomers to see details up to 25 times finer than with the individual telescopes. The light beams are combined in the VLTI using a complex system of mirrors in underground tunnels where the light paths must be kept equal to distances less than 1/1000 mm over a hundred metres. With this kind of precision the VLTI can reconstruct images with an angular resolution of milliarcseconds, equivalent to distinguishing the two headlights of a car at the distance of the Moon.

My favourite part of the video is when one of the telescopes shoots a laser up into the night sky. As an aside, this is where parts of the last James Bond movie, A Quantum of Solace, was filmed.

The ESO has a Youtube channel with a number of excellent videos describing various aspects about how the observatory works.

Here is another time lapse I found filmed entirely with a fisheye lens at the Paranal Observatory also located in Chile.